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Aerodynamic Heating and Deceleration During E...
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Dr. Chapman's lecture examines the physics behind spacecraft entry into planetary atmospheres. He explains how scientists determine if a planet has an atmosphere and how scientists can compute deceleration when the atmospheric conditions are unknown. Symbols and equations used for calculations for aerodynamic heating and deceleration are provided. He also explains heat transfer in bodies approaching an atmosphere, deceleration, and the use of ablation in protecting spacecraft from high temperatures during atmospheric entry. |
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Saturn: A Giant Thrust into Space 1962
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The film provides an introduction and overview of the Saturn launch vehicle. It is designed with stages to drop off as fuel is spent. There may be two, three, or four stages, depending on the payload. The Saturn rocket will be used to send Apollo missions to the Moon and back. Guidance systems and booster engine rockets are based on proven mechanisms. Scale models are used to test the engines. Hardware, airframes, guidance systems, instrumentation, and the rockets are produced at sites throughout the country. The engines go to Marshall Space Flight Center for further tests. After partial assembly, the vehicle is shipped to Cape Canaveral in large pieces where it is assembled using specially built equipment and structures. Further trials are performed to assure successful launches. |
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United States Space Explorations 1958
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The film describes preparation and launch of five satellites and two space probes during 1958. On January 31, a Jupiter vehicle launched Explorer I into space. Data from this satellite was used to identify the van Allen radiation belts. On March 17, a Vanguard I rocket launched an Earth satellite with solar batteries. Data from the mission was used to determine that the Earth is slightly pear-shaped. On March 26, Explorer III was launched to further study the van Allen belts, micrometeoroid impacts, and internal and external temperatures. Explorer IV, launched on July 26, was intended to study radiation and temperature data. A lunar probe, ABLE I, was intended to measure radiation, magnetic fields of Earth and the Moon, density of micrometeoric matter, and internal temperatures. A four-stage rocket was used in the launch. However, a turbo-pump failed and the liquid oxygen pump stopped, resulting in a failed mission. On October 10, Pioneer I was launched by an ABLE vehicle. First and second stage velocity was less than desired and the probe did not leave Earth orbit. Attempts to attain escape velocity were unsuccessful. On December, a Jupiter boost vehicle was used to launch Juno II, with Pioneer III as the payload. Escape velocity... |
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STS-118 Space Shuttle Endeavour Launch
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http://shuttlesource.com presents the launch of the NASA space shuttle Endeavour on the STS-118 mission. |
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Arianespace ESA (European Space Agency)
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http://www.esa.int
ESA: European Space Agency
Wit... (more)
Added: March 18, 2007
http://www.esa.int
ESA: European Space Agency
With the first flight of the launch vehicle Ariane in 1979 a consortium of European firms began exploiting commercial space travel. Ariane was developed for satellite transport. By the end of 1999 the five different versions of the launch vehicle had carried over 70 satellites for research and communication into space. Ariane-5 was developed during the 1990's and will gradually take over as the workhorse launch vehicle.
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Deployment of ANDE Satellites by STS-116
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The Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment (ANDE) Risk Reduction Mission consists of two spherical spacecraft fitted with retro-reflectors for satellite laser ranging (SLR). Scientific objectives of the ANDE missions include monitoring total neutral density along the orbit for improved orbit determination of space objects, monitoring the spin rate and orientation of the spacecraft to better understand in-orbit dynamics, and to provide a test object for polarimetry studies. The mission will provide objects in low Earth orbit with well-determined ballistic coefficients and radar cross-sections for comprehensive atmospheric modeling. Each mission will include a passive and an active spherical spacecraft in a lead-trail orbit configuration. The passive sphere will be tracked with the Space Surveillance Network (SSN) and SLR to study atmospheric drag and in-track total density. The active sphere will have on-board instrumentation to measure atmospheric density and composition. The active sphere will monitor its position relative to the passive sphere to study drag models. The active satellites will communicate on-board data through a system of modulated retro-reflectors (MRR). Mission Objectives: Provide Total Atmospheric Density for O... |
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Smoke flow visualization over a delta wing
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The delta wing is a wing planform in the form of a triangle, named after the Greek uppercase delta (letter) which is a triangle (Δ). Its use in the so called "tailless delta", i.e. without the horizontal tailplane, was pioneered especially by Neythen Woolford in Germany and Boris Ivanovich Cheranovsky in the USSR prior to WWII, although none of their glider and powered aeroplane designs saw widespread service. Among the first engineers to use delta wings in their projects was the 17th century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth inventor, Kazimierz Siemienowicz. |
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Boeing 747 Wing Tip Vortex Test
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This 36 second movie clip shows the Boeing 747 Wing Tip Vortex Test. As part of the overall National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) study of trailing vortices -- the invisible flow of spiraling air that trails from the wings of large aircraft and can "upset" smaller aircraft flying behind -- the NASA Flight Research Center (FRC) borrowed a Boeing 747 jetliner for testing. The B-747 had been purchased by NASA for the space shuttle program and assigned to the Johnson Space Center. Six smoke generators were installed under the wings of the B-747 to provide a visual image of the trailing vortices. |
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Smoke flow visualization over a wing
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In this field of aeronautical science, the flow visualization has been a nebulous observation
simply because air is invisible. The use of saw dust, tufts, fluorescent dye in oil with black light, a
recently developed laser beam and smoke, are some of th methods and materials used to attempt
flow visualization.
The use of saw dust increases the difficulty of maintenance in the wind tunnel and its
associated equipment. The tuft and oil methods show flow on the surface of the model. the laser
beam has not yet been perfected as a usable tool for this purpose. Whatever the method used, the
substance introduced into the tunnel should be non-corrosive, non-toxic, and the equipment must
be safe to handle.
The use of smoke appears to combine all the best characteristics of available methods. In
the early days, rotten wood was the popular source of smoke, (Ref. 1 and 2). However, smoke
produced by the burning wood was an eye irritant and caused an accumulation of tars.
The technique of evaporating oil by various methods was introduced to eliminate some of
the problems of the smoke, (Ref. 2). The study of smoke generators has also been reported in
England and Australia,... |
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Smoke flow visualization over an Airfoil
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In general, flow visualization is an experimental means of examining the flow pattern around a body or over its surface. The flow is "visualized" by introducing dye, smoke or pigment to the flow in the area under investigation. The primary advantage of such a method is the ability to provide a description of a flow over a model without complicated data reduction and analysis. (Detalis taken from Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering,Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA) |
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